src: align FFI error handling with Node.js source

[addaleax]

Align the FFI error handling logic with the rest of the Node.js source.

Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/main/src/README.md#exception-handling

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 77.16535% with 58 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 89.64%. Comparing base (e02087c) to head (16ead68).
⚠️ Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/ffi/data.cc	77.66%	8 Missing and 15 partials ⚠️
src/ffi/types.cc	73.25%	19 Missing and 4 partials ⚠️
src/node_ffi.cc	81.53%	2 Missing and 10 partials ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #62858      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   89.64%   89.64%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         706      706              
  Lines      219137   219112      -25     
  Branches    41999    41978      -21     
==========================================
- Hits       196453   196422      -31     
- Misses      14574    14602      +28     
+ Partials     8110     8088      -22     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/node_ffi.h	72.72% <ø> (ø)
src/node_ffi.cc	68.80% <81.53%> (-0.25%)	⬇️
src/ffi/data.cc	73.79% <77.66%> (+0.50%)	⬆️
src/ffi/types.cc	60.15% <73.25%> (+0.53%)	⬆️

... and 27 files with indirect coverage changes

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

• ❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.
• 📦 JS Bundle Analysis: Save yourself from yourself by tracking and limiting bundle sizes in JS merges.